Reading Time: 2 minutes Nodding off in class or while studying could be a sign of sleep debt. Along with getting more sleep, these tricks can help you stay awake.

Reading Time: 9 minutes From decor, to temperature, to white noise, fellow students offer their tips on how to make your bedroom a sleep-happy space.

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Have you ever struggled to stay awake in your 9 a.m. class, and wondered why? Let’s say you slept for six hours—below the recommended number, but you might think it would be enough to keep you functioning until your afternoon emergency nap.

Not necessarily. How many hours you sleep matters, of course—a lot. But that’s not the only way sleep influences your functioning the next day (like being able to pick up where you left off in pre-calc, put in a half-decent performance at volleyball, and remember to wish your dad a happy birthday).

When you sleep may influence your academic performance even more than sleep duration does, research suggests. That’s because sleep isn’t just one experience affecting your body and brain; it’s a sequence of experiences that meet various physical, emotional, and intellectual needs. Combined, these stages are known as the sleep cycle. When you disrupt your sleep cycle, you’ll feel it, even if you’re getting the “right” total number of hours. Sleeping three hours at night and four in the afternoon, for example, is not equivalent to sleeping seven hours consecutively. (Also: The recommended number of hours for young adults is 8–9 ¼, according to the National Sleep Foundation.)

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Got sleep inertia?

We have all felt the pain of fragmented sleep after our night has been seriously interrupted. Our morning grogginess—also known as sleep inertia—is a liability. We cut ourselves shaving, we spill our coffee, we dump our adorable partner. Our memory, alertness, reaction time, and decision making are well below where we’d like them to be. Sleep inertia can last far longer than we might realize: two to four hours, according to researchers at Harvard Medical School. You’re likely to be less perceptive and attentive in class. You may struggle to understand why your male Spanish teacher will never be embarazada. (It’s because this means pregnant, not embarrassed.) You may be irritable and not much fun to be around.

How about social jet lag?

If your natural wake time is routinely out of sync with the time that society (e.g., your class schedule) tells you to get up, you are likely suffering from social jet lag. In a 2000 study in the Journal of American College Health, students with an irregular sleep pattern performed worse academically than their peers, even when they slept the same total number of hours.

“For college students, the worst impact of inadequate sleep is the hit to their memory and learning,” says Dr. Shelley Hershner, a sleep specialist and assistant professor of neurology, University of Michigan. In a 2014 national survey, more than half of college students reported significant daytime sleepiness, and two in three felt sleepiness hurt their academic performance (American College Health Association’s National College Health Assessment). Sleep deprivation and disruption is among the top three causes of poor academic performance, along with stress and anxiety (which are also associated with disrupted sleep).

In studies, irregular sleep patterns, later bedtimes, and later wake-up times are associated with lower GPAs. Some evidence suggests that memory formation may be prompted by deep sleep (the third stage) and then consolidated by Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, helping to explain why we need those sequential stages. “If you disrupt the natural sleep cycle, you will pay for it, either through being tired, getting poor grades, or even depression,” says Dr. David Reitman, medical director of the student health center at American University, DC.

A single sleep cycle lasts 1 ½–2 hours. It involves three stages of Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep—including deep sleep (Stage 3)—and one stage of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, in which our brains are most active, according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

• Visually, Stage 1 (light sleep) and REM sleep occupy the same band of this chart, but they are very different processes.
• In a typical night you should get four to six full sleep cycles.

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The benefits of sleep have been unarguably established by science. Restful nights are strongly associated with happiness, healthy weight maintenance, reduced risk of chronic disease, and having a tolerable personality.

Students present like budding narcoleptics, says William C. Dement, a leading sleep expert, in his book The Promise of Sleep (2000). Still, that doesn’t stop you from knowing what you should be doing to get a better night’s sleep. In a survey for Student Health 101, 1,200 students ranked 10 of the most common sleep strategies from least to most helpful. Then you told us what we’d missed.

How would you rank these tips?

#10 Medications & supplements

More than a third of respondents ranked prescription medications the least useful of our 10 options. That might be because zolpidem, the most commonly prescribed sleep drug, is associated with dangerous behaviors like sleep-driving and that ridiculous email I sent my ex at 4 a.m. Science has yet to bring us a medication with the side effect of sleep-writing an awesome statistics paper.

You also said “no” to over-the-counter sleep aids, like melatonin, valerian, and antihistamines. Their safety and effectiveness have not been well established. Melatonin seems to have modest benefits and antihistamines can help temporarily. Melatonin is somewhat protective against nuclear radiation, so there’s that.

#9 Sleep apps

Our students don’t use them much, but many people swear by sleep management apps.

Sleep Cycle tracks your sleep habits, helps you identify unhelpful behaviors, and wakes you up gently.

Sleep As Android lets you know when you’re not getting enough zzzs and what you’re muttering in your sleep (but do you want to find out?).

Apps make your phone your bedmate, which might be problematic for those of us with compulsive technology habits.

#8 The beautiful day you just had

Less than 5 percent of you said a beautiful day is what best helps you sleep. Three times as many said it was your least helpful sleep strategy.

Is this because students don’t have beautiful days? “Bedtime stress and worries were the main predictors of sleep quality,” concluded a study in Sleep Medicine (2012). Charlotte Brontë put it more eloquently: “A ruffled mind makes a restless pillow.”

If your angst is keeping you up, try consigning it to paper: Keep a pad and pen by your bed.

#7 Conscious relaxation or breathing exercises

Relaxation exercises can ease physical tension and mental activity and help us fall asleep more quickly.

Techniques include progressive muscle relaxation (tensing and relaxing), consciously relaxing different body parts, and visualization.

Just over 1 in 10 of you ranked this in your top 3 of our sleep solutions. Free guided relaxation exercises are available online.

#6 No alcohol and/or caffeine in the evening

“Take coffee then—this juice divine shall banish sleep,” wrote the French poet Maumenet long ago. No argument there. Caffeine lasts in your system for eight hours—and some of the most common coffee brands and energy drinks are very high in it.

But our survey respondents seem confused about alcohol. Some commented that alcohol helps them fall asleep. Maybe—but it disrupts the later stages of sleep and leaves us groggy the next day. [The legal minimum age for consuming alcohol is 21.]

In a 2007 study, the combination of not enough sleep (four hours) and one or two drinks severely impaired students’ performance on a driving simulator: 35 percent had accidents.

A quarter of respondents ranked avoiding caffeine and/or alcohol before bed among the top 3 of our 10 sleep strategies.

For a video on how alcohol affects sleep, CLICK HERE. 

#5 No computer use before (or in) bed

Electronic gadgetry is the vicious enemy of sleep. The blue wavelength light emitted by our tablets, laptops, and phones suppresses melatonin, the hormone that regulates sleep cycles.

Many sleep disorders are probably related to evening or nighttime light exposure, sleep experts say.

Almost a third of our respondents ranked avoiding electronic screens before bed in their top 3 of our 10 solutions.

#4 Exercise Regularly

Physical activity helps us sleep—as confirmed yet again by the Sleep in America poll from the National Sleep Foundation. Even light exercise helps.

And although we’ve traditionally been advised not to work out in the evening, evidence from that poll suggests the timing of our workouts might not matter. More than 4 in 10 students who took our survey ranked this in the top 3 of our strategies.

#3 Dark and/or cool room at night

The lightbulb has many fine qualities, but wreaks havoc on our sleep. Having the lights on after dusk suppresses melatonin and disrupts sleep cycles. It might also raise blood pressure and the risk of diabetes, says a 2010 study.

Air temperature matters too. A room that’s too hot or too cold can interfere with your body temperature cycle through the night. The right room temperature varies: try 65°F, and be ready to adjust it up or down. Forty-five percent of our student respondents put this in their top three of our sleep strategies.

#2 A super-comfortable bed

The Princess and the Pea, the fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen, taught us that even minor physical discomforts can be a fearsome impediment to sleep.

While it’s hard to buy the princess’s story that the pea left her “black and blue all over,” the general point holds: We sleep better in a comfortable bed than on broken glass and porcupine spines.

Half of our student respondents ranked physical comfort in their top three sleep solutions. The poet Rupert Brooke wrote of “the cool kindliness of sheets, that soon/Smooth away trouble” (The Great Lover).

#1 Get up at a consistent time each day

“The single most important thing a person can do to set the body’s clock is to wake up at the same time every morning,” says Dr. Stephen Amira of the Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School. For his video on maintaining a consistent wake time, CLICK HERE.

Fifty-six percent of our survey respondents ranked this in their top 3 of our 10 sleep strategies. As many students pointed out, the key is a consistent sleep schedule in general: going to bed and getting up at the same times each day. The painful piece is matching weekend and weekday wake-ups. Weekend disruption is likely to keep you groggy through the week.

Other popular sleep strategies

Recommended by students

• Sensible consistent bedtime
• Reading
• Journaling
• An orgasm (or several)
• Soft music or ambient noise
• Getting coursework done early
• Prayer or meditation
• Active days
• Aromatherapy
• Hot bath or shower
• Pillow talk
• Less partying
• Herbal tea

Recommended by our experts

• Strategic afternoon naps of 20–30 minutes
• Diaphragmatic breathing combined with neck and shoulder massages

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